Psychological Stress and Human-Monkey Conflict: Evidence from Rural Farming Communities in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Human–wildlife conflict has become an increasingly significant challenge in rural agricultural landscapes, particularly in regions where human activities overlap with wildlife habitats. In Sri Lanka, interactions between farming communities and toque macaques (Macaca sinica) have intensified, resulting in recurring crop damage and livelihood disruption. While previous studies have largely focused on ecological and economic dimensions, limited attention has been given to the psychological impacts of such conflicts. This study examines the relationship between human–monkey conflict and psychological stress among rural farming households in the Kurunegala District. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, with data collected from 40 households using a structured questionnaire. Psychological stress was measured using a six-item Likert scale (α = 0.916), while perception toward conflict was assessed using a five-item scale (α = 0.892). Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression were conducted using SPSS. The findings indicate that crop loss is the only significant predictor of psychological stress (β = 0.955, p < 0.001), with a strong positive correlation (r = 0.956, p < 0.001). financial loss, frequency of monkey encounters, income level, and perception did not show statistically significant relationships with stress (p > 0.05). These results suggest that direct, visible damage to livelihoods has a stronger psychological impact than perceived risk or estimated economic loss. The study highlights the importance of integrating psychological dimensions into human–wildlife conflict research and emphasizes the need for mitigation strategies that prioritize reducing crop damage. A more holistic approach that considers both material and experiential aspects of conflict is essential for promoting sustainable human–wildlife coexistence.